1620s

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Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century - 17th century - 18th century
Decades:	1590s 1600s 1610s - 1620s - 1630s 1640s 1650s
Years:	1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629
Categories:	Births - Deaths - Architecture Establishments - Disestablishments

Contents 1 Events and trends 1.1 Major Ongoing Events 1.2 1620 1.3 1621 1.4 1622 1.5 1623 1.6 1624 1.7 1625 1.8 1626 1.9 1627 1.10 1628 1.11 1629 2 Significant People 2.1 World Leaders 2.2 Important Personalities 2.3 Contemporaries Yet to Gain Fame 3 References

[edit] Events and trends

[edit] Major Ongoing Events

• European colonization of the Americas
• Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)
• Scientific Revolution
• Age of Absolutism (1610-1786): During the Decade, Many monarchies across Europe and to a lesser extint the Middle-East began to trend towards Absolutism, which gave monarchs the right to rule unrestrained by any other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Rulers who were, or advocated, absolute monarchy during this decade were Louis XIII of France, Abbas I of Persia, Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire, James I of England/VI of Scotland, and Charles I of England and Scotland. The later two rulers however were unsuccessful in their efforts to assert absolute rule in England-Wales as can be indicated by the English Parliament's resistance to each of its Stuart Monarchs' claim of "Divine Right". This resistance to absolute monarchy culminated in the passing of the Monumental Petition of Right, the most important document in British history since the Magna Carta. However, it would take a civil war and more years of political turmoil before the passage of the English Bill of Rights to stamp out absolute monarchy in England-Wales and allow democracy to take hold in England-Wales and later around the world.
• Armed Conflicts of the 1620s
  • The Manchu Invasions of China (1616-1644) and Korea (1627)
  • Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
  • First Polish-Ottoman War (1620-1621)
  • Fifth Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
  • War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-1631)

[edit] 1620

• January 1- An embassy from England (including Viscount James Hay of Doncaster and John Donne) sent to the Holy Roman Empire during the preceding year, which was unsuccessful in settling disputes at the Eve of the Thirty Years' War, returns to London.^[1]
• February 4- Prince Bethlen Gabor signs a peace treaty with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
• April 27 - Treaty with Spain arranges marriage between the Prince of Wales and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain in return for relaxation of laws concerning Roman Catholics.^[2]
• July 3- Under the terms of the Treaty of Ulm, the Protestant Union declares neutrality and ceases to support Frederick V of Bohemia.
• July 3- Two officers of the British East India Company attempt to claim the Table Mountain region (in present-day South Africa) for England, but fail.
• August 7- Louis XIII defeats the rebellion of the Nobles of France, lead by Marie de Médicis, at the Battle of Les Ponts-de-Cé.
• August 7- The mother of Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft.
• September 16- The Mayflower departs from England to transverse the Atlantic to North America.
• September 17-October 7- Battle of Ţuţora during the First Polish-Ottoman War.
• September 26- "Case of the Red Pills" occurs in which Emperor Taichang dies shortly after taking two pills from Li Kezhuo, a minor court official, to help cure his ailment.
• November 3- The Great Patent is granted to Plymouth Colony.
• November 8- Battle of White Mountain during Thirty Years' War.
• November 21- The Mayflower arrives at Cape Cod in the modern-day state of Massachusetts. The settlers of the Plymouth Colony shortly after sign the Mayflower Compact, the first ever document writen and signed in the British North American Colonies.
• Undated
  • Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum during this year.
  • Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada restores Osaka Castle.
  • The modern violin is developed.
  • Witch hunts begin in Scotland.
  • Cornelius Drebbel builds an "undersea boat", the first ever navigable Submarine.
  • J.P. Donnet invents the Sign language alphabet.
  • Emperor Jahangir of India captures the Fort of Kangra, a feet that his predecessor failed to achieve, after laying a fourteen month siege.
  • Standard Welsh Bible, translated by Bishop William Morgan, Richard Parry and John Davies (Mallwyd) is published.

[edit] 1621

• January 16- The Parliament of England sits for the first time since 1614.
• February 9- Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V as the 234th pope.
• February 17- Miles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.
• March 16- Samoset, a Mohegan sagamore, becomes the first Native American to encounter the Pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony.
• March 22- The Pilgrims sign the first ever treaty with Native Americans, specifically the Wampanoag.
• March-April- Francis Bacon was charged with twenty-three counts of corruption (which some historians believe he may have been innocent of) and was declared by the Parliament to be incapable of holding future office.
• May 3- Francis Bacon is imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of corruption; he is pardoned by King James I later in the year.^[3]
• May 24- Protestant Union dissolved.
• June 21- Twenty-seven Lords who participated in the Battle of White Mountain are executed.
• July- Hamburg, in modern-day Germany, acknowledges Danish overlordship in accordance to the Compact of Steinburg.
• September 2-October 9-Battle of Khotyn during the First Polish-Ottoman War.
• October- The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the "First Thanksgiving", noted for peaceful co-existence.
• November 11- The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with thirty-five more settlers.
• November 15- Aeterni Patris, issued by Pope Gregory XV via a Papal bull, regulated papal elections which were to be secret and in writing.
• Undated
  • The cities of Petare, in Venezuela, and Gothenburg, in Sweden, founded.
  • Sweden gains control of the city of Riga.
  • Willebrord Snellius discovers the Law of refraction.
  • The Dutch capture the Portuguese colonies of Arguin and Goree, Mauritania.^[4]

[edit] 1622

• January 1- January 1 declared the beginning of a year instead of March 25.
• January 6- Pope Gregory XV established the Congregatio de propaganda fide, the missionary arm of the Roman Curia.
• February 8- King James I of England/VI of Scotland disbands the English parliament.
• March 12- Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila, Isidore the Farmer and Philip Neri are canonized as saints by Pope Gregory XV.
• March 22- Jamestown massacre occurs resulting in the killing of 347 settlers and razing of the Henricus settlement.
• Undated
  • The French explorer Étienne Brûlé is the first European to discover Lake Superior.
  • Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, 35 tons of silver, 161 pieces of gold, tobacco, and indigo (Wreck discovered 1985).
  • War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences after the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621).
  • First record of Bottled Spring Water in UK at Holy Well Spring, Malvern.
  • Emperor Malak Sagad III of Ethiopia converts to Roman Catholicism.
  • After being inflicted by several defeats, Chinese armies were forced to retreat to Shanhaiguan, abandoning all of Liaoning Province to the Manchus.
  • Prince Khurram, the future Emperor Shah Jahan, defeats the combined forces of Admednagar, Bijapur, and Golconda. However acting upon fears that Nur Jahan, his mother, was plotting against him, the Prince waged a brief conflict against his father, thereby leaving Kandahar to the Persians.
  • Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of Angola, invades the Kingdom of Kongo

[edit] 1623

• February- France, Savoy, and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris of 1623
• February 25- Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes monarch of Palatinate, a state within the then Holy Roman Empire.
• March 5- The first American temperance law is enacted, in Virginia.
• March 9- Amboyna massacre occurs resulting in the execution of twenty people (ten in service of the British East India Company, nine Japanese, and one Portugese) at the hands of the Dutch East India Company.
• March 20- Pope Gregory XV issued the Omnipotentis Dei, the last papal ordinance against witchcraft. Under the Omnipotentis Dei, former punishments were lessened, and the death penalty was limited to those who were "proved to have entered into a compact with the devil, and to have committed homicide with his assistance" (CE).
• June 14- The first breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev. Gerville Pooley, in Virginia, files against Cicely Jordan, but he loses.
• July- The ships Anne and Little James arrive from England, weeks apart from each other, bringing more settlers to the Plymouth Colony.
• August 6- Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV as the 235th pope.
• August 30- Negotiations of the planned Spanish Match, marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Maria Anna of Spain, break down.^[3]
• November 1- Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings.
• Undated
  • England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis.
  • Wilhelm Schickard invents his "Calculating Clock", an early mechanical calculator.
  • Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered in the Vatican Library.
  • Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem Adone.
  • Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun.
  • Johannes Rudbeck founds the first gymnasium in Sweden.
  • Erotomania is first mentioned in a psychiatric treatise.
  • The modern day cities of Gloucester, Massachusetts and Dover, New Hampshire are founded.
  • Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of Angola, is recalled shortly after the Protests of King Pedro II of Kongo and Portuguese Merchants.
  • Publication of First Folio, a collection of 36 of the plays of William Shakespeare.^[3]
  • King Gwanghaegun of Korea is overthrown in a coup.
  • Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony ends the policy of collective ownership of land, food, and tools. Bradford then implemented a plan in which resources were divided among individual families.^[5]

[edit] 1624

• January 14- The Safavid Persians capture Baghdad from the Ottomans during the Fifth Ottoman-Safavid War.
• January 22-February 15- Korean general Yi Gwal launches a brief rebellion against the King Injo.
• January 24- Alfonso Mendez, the Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa in what is now modern day Eritrea to enforce Catholic doctrines. As a result, strife and civil war between Ethiopian Orthadox traditionalists and the Catholic Emperor Malak Sagad III ravage Ethiopia.
• August- The Siege of Breda, during the Thirty Years War, begins.
• October- An alliance of Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan forces defeat the Algerians near Sardinia.
• Undated
  • The Sunni inhabitants of Baghdad are massacred by order of Shah Abbas I.
  • Martin Luther's German translation of the Bible is publicly burned by order of Pope Urban VIII.
  • The Netherlands establishes a trading colony at Tainan on Taiwan.
  • Thirty Walloon families settle in the New Netherland colony.
  • The Virginia Land Company's charter is revoked and Virginia becomes a crown colony.
  • Oslo, in modern day Norway, Ommen, Holland, and Dunfermline, Scotland are destroyed by fires.
  • Jakob Bartsch records the constellation Camelopardalis around the north star.
  • The Palace of Versailles is first built, as a hunting lodge.
  • The Japanese Shogun expels the Spanish from the land and severs trade with the Philippines.
  • Mail service begins in Denmark.
  • A university is founded in Bolivia.
  • Cornelius Drebbel first discovers gases.
  • Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII to be his advisor.
  • Henry Briggs publishes Arithmetica Logarithmica.
  • The French Parliament passes a decree forbidding criticism of Aristotle on pain of death.
  • Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba starts to rule.
  • The Latymer School and Latymer Upper School in London are founded by the bequest of Edward Latymer.
  • Pope Urban VIII issued a papal bull that made smoking tobacco punishable by excommunication.^[6]This bull was later repealed by Pope Benedict XIII.

[edit] 1625

• March 13- Pope Urban VIII issues the Sanctissimus Dominus Noster, a bull intended to regulate the veneration of deceased individuals.
• March 27- Charles I succeeds to the thrones of England-Wales and Scotland.
• April 4- Frederick Henry marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.
• April 7- Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
• May 1- A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador (Bahia).
• May 1- Prince Frederick Henry is appointed stadtholder of Holland.
• May 15- Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.
• June 5- Spanish troops under the command of Ambrogio Spinola capture Breda after besieging the city for eleven months.
• June 13- King Charles I of England marries Princess Henrietta Maria of France.
• June 18- The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.
• July- First attack from barbary pirates in south-western England.^[7]
• September 13- Sixteen rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are kidnapped, imprisoned, and ransomed by local Pasha in Jerusalem.
• September 24- The Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• October 8- Admiral George Villiers' fleet sails from Plymouth, England to Cadiz.
• December 9- The Netherlands and England sign a military peace treaty.
• Undated
  • William Oughtred invents the slide ruler.
  • James Ussher becomes Archbishop of Armagh.
  • The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town would transform into a piece of what is now New York City.[1]
  • The First Savoine War is fought between the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Savoy.
  • The Bohemian Revolt ends.
  • A Huguenot revolt in France is suppressed.
  • Samoset sells 12,000 acres of land to a Colonist named John Brown in what is believed to be the first transfer of Native American Land to any English Colonist. ^[8]
  • Ligdan Khan, the ruler of Mongolia, lead an unsuccessful punitive expedition to punish Mongolian Princes who had aligned with the Manchurians.

[edit] 1626

• February 6- The Huguenot rebels and French government sign the Peace of La Rochelle.
• February 27- Yuan Chonghuan was appointed governor of Liaodong.
• March 7- King Garcia I of Kongo is overthrown by Manuel Jordão, the Duke of Nsundi, after he marches on the Capital of the Kingdom of Kongo. As a result, the House of Kwilu is restored to the throne.
• April 9- Francis Bacon dies of pneumomonia
• April 25- Battle of Dessauer Bridge: Monarch Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Earl of Mansfeld.
• May 4- Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland for the Dutch West India Company.
• May 24- Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock or Canarsie) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ("$24").
• June 15- King Charles I of England disbands the English Parliament.
• July 4- The Ottomans, after besieging Baghdad for almost a year, are forced to lift their siege after the Persians cut off their supply line.
• July 30- An earthquake strikes Naples, killing 10,000.
• August 1- Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz conquers Oldenzaal.
• August 27- Battle of Lutter: The Catholic League defeats king Christian IV of Denmark.
• September 28- Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming Dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.
• November 18- The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, the anniversary of that of the previous church in 326.
• December 1- Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is removed from power.
• December 20- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.
• Undated
  • France founds its first colony on Madagascar.
  • Prince Khurram's rebellion against his Father (instigated upon fears of Nur Jahan's, his stepmother, support for Shahryar's claim to the Thorne), Emperor Jahangir, is subdued. However Prince Khurram would succeed his father the following year.
  • The Duchy of Urbino was incorporated into the papal dominions.

[edit] 1627

• January- The office of Constable of France is abolsihed by the Edict of January by Cardinal Richelieu and also ordered all fortified castles to be razed, except only those needed to defend against invaders.
• July 4-19- The Barbary pirates raid Iceland.
• July 22- Duke George Villiers of Buckingham leads an unsuccessful invasion of Île de Ré.
• July 27- An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.
• August- The Siege of La Rochelle begins.
• Undated
  • Reconstruction of Muchalls Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland completed by Thomas Burnett.
  • The aurochs are hunted to extinction, the last being killed by poachers in Poland.
  • England places the first European settlers on Barbados.
  • After the First Manchu invasion of Korea, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea becomes a tributary state of the Manchus.
  • Black gun powder is first used in mining, in a mineshaft under Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia.
  • Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, heir apparent of the Habsburg Monarchy and a future Holy Roman Emperor, already King of Hungary ascends to be king of the religiously troubled Bohemia where his (still living) father's repression of Protestantism had triggered the ongoing Thirty Years' War in 1618.
  • The "Purple Clothes Incident" occurs in Japan in which Emperor Go-Mizunoo bestows to ten preists honorific purple garments against the edict of the Shogun which required a two year waiting period.
  • William Bradford and seven other Pilgrims sold some of their property to settle the debt of Pilgrims who could not pay off for the cost of their passage.^[9]

[edit] 1628

• January 1- Christian IV of Denmark forms an alliance with Denmark's rival Sweden in an effort to expel the Forces of the Holy Roman Empire from the Jutland.
• February- Writs are issued by Charles I that every county in England-Wales (not just seaport towns) pay ship taxes by March 1.
• March- Oliver Cromwell is elected to the English Parliament.
• May- The English Parliament passes the Petition of Right, one of the most monumental documents in history, especially in the history of the United Kingdom and the United States.
• June 7- Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
• August 10- The Swedish sixty-four gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor.
• August 23- George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.
• September 6- Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• October 28- The Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
• Undated
  • Dutch East India Company vessel the Batavia is shipwrecked on its maiden voyage to the Indies.
  • William Harvey publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, containing his findings about blood circulation.
  • The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
  • Cardinal Richelieu becomes prime minister.
  • War begins between France and Spain over Mantua.
  • The Mutapan leader Kapararidze Unites the Shonans in an effort to expell the Portuguese.^[10]
  • Thomas Hobbes completes his translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the first ever translation from the manuscript's original language, Greek, into English.
  • Ogosho (retired Shogun) Tokugawa Hidetada executed fifty-five Christians for their refusal to renounce Christ in Nagasaki.

[edit] 1629

• March 4- Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal Charter.
• March 6- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution. The Edict restores properties lost by the Catholic Church to Protestants to their former owners and grants religious freedom to Catholics and Lutherns, but not to other non-Luthern Protestants.
• March 10- Charles I dissolves the English Parliament, beginning the Eleven Years' Tyranny.
• June 4- The Batavia runs aground west of Australia.
• November 8- Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his daughter, who becomes Empress Meishō.
• December 31- The English government acts to remove Sir Sackville Crowe, because of his mismanagement of the treasury of the Navy, from his position as Treasurer of the Navy setting the end of his administration in that position effective January 21 of the following year.^[11]
• December 31- The English government issues a statements regarding the business of the British East India Company in Amboyna in response to claims made by the Dutch government in its justification regarding the Amboyna massacre.^[12]
• Undated
  • Fort Santo Domingo is built in Formosa by the Spanish settlers.
  • Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.
  • The rule of Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba ends.
  • Actresses are banned in Japan.
  • Two exiled Dutch murderers from the Batavia become the first Europeans to settle in Australia, on the west coast. Their subsequent fate is unknown.^[13]
  • Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion.
  • Charles I created a colonial land grant to colonize what is now the State of Georgia (however any effort to colonize the region would not occur until a century later). ^[14]

[edit] Significant People

[edit] World Leaders

• Songtham, King of Ayutthaya (modern-day Thailand), r. 1611-1628
• Chetthathirat, King of Ayutthaya, r. 1628-1629
• Athittayawong, King of Ayutthaya, r. 1629
• Prasat Thong, Defense Minister under the previous kings and King of Ayutthaya, r. 1629-1656
• Frederick V of Electoral Palatinate/I of Bohemia, Prince-Elector of Electoral Palatinate and King of Bohemia, r. 1610-1623 (as Prince-Elector of Electoral Palatinate) and r. 1619-1620 (as King of Bohemia)
• Anaukpetlun, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1605-1628
• Minyedaikpa, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1628-1629
• Thalun, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1629-1648
• Wanli, Emperor of China, r. 1572-1620
• Taichang, Emperor of China, r. 1620
• Tianqi, Emperor of China, r. 1620-1627
• Chongzhen, Emperor of China, r. 1627-1644
• Askia Dawud I, King of the Dendi Kingdom, r. 1618-1639
• Christian IV, King of Denmark, r. 1588-1648
• James I of England/VI of Scotland, King of England-Wales and Scotland, r. 1567(Scotland), 1603(England-Wales)-1625 (both)
• Charles I, King of England-Wales and Scotland, r. 1625-1649
• Malak Sagad III, Emperor of Ethiopia, r. 1606-1632
• Louis XIII, King of France, r. 1610-1643
• Cardinal Richelieu, Statesman and the first Prime Minister of France, m. 1624-1642
• Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, r. 1619-1637
• Jahangir, Mughal dynasty Emperor of India, r. 1605-1627
• Shah Jahan, Mughal dynasty Emperor of India, r. 1627-1658
• Go-Mizunoo, Emperor of Japan, r. 1611-1629
• Meishō, Empress of Japan, r. 1629-1643
• Tokugawa Hidetada, Shogun of Japan, s. 1605-1623
• Tokugawa Iemitsu, Shogun of Japan, s. 1623-1651
• Álvaro III, King of Kongo, r. 1615–1622
• Pedro II, King of Kongo, r. 1622–1624
• Garcia I, King of Kongo, r. 1624–1626
• Ambrósio I, King of Kongo, r. 1626–1631
• Gwanghaegun, Joseon Dynasty King of Korea, r. 1608-1623
• Injo, Joseon Dynasty King of Korea, r. 1623-1649
• Nurhaci, King of Manchuria and founder of the Qing dynasty, r. 1616-1626
• Huang Taiji, King of Manchuria, r. 1626-1643
• Ligdan Khan, Khagan of the Mongols, r. 1603-1634
• Zidan Abu Maali, Sultan of Morroco, r.1603–1627
• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II, Sultan of Morroco, r.1627–1631
• Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1618-1622
• Mustafa I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1617-1618, 1622-1623
• Murad IV, Sutltan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1623-1640
• Paul V, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1605-1621
• Gregory XV, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1621-1623
• Urban VIII, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1623-1644
• Abbas I, Shah of Persia, r. 1587-1629
• Safi, Shah of Persia, r. 1629-1642
• Sigismund III, King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, r. 1587-1632
• Michael, Czar of Russia, r. 1613-1645
• Philip III of Spain/II of Portugal, King of Spain and Portugal (annexed by Spain in 1580), r. 1598-1621
• Philip IV of Spain/III of Portugal, King of Spain and Portugal, r. 1621(both)-1640(Portugal), 1665(Spain)
• Gustav II, King of Sweden, r. 1611-1632
• Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of the semi-Independent Principality of Transylvania, r. 1613-1629
• Maurice of Nassau, Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in office 1585-1625
• Frederick Henry, Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in office 1625-1647
• Antonio Priuli, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1618-1623
• Francesco Contarini, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1623-1624
• Giovanni Corner, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1624-1630

[edit] Important Personalities

• Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher and scientist
• William Bradford (1590-1657), Leader of the Pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony and Governor of the Plymouth colony, in office 1621-1633, 1635-1636, 1637-1638, 1639-1644, 1645-1657
• Étienne Brûlé of France (1592?-1633), explorer
• Karel Bonaventura Buquoy of Arras (in modern-day France)(1571-1621), general
• John Carver (1576?-1621), leader of the pilgrims of the Plymouth colony and first governor of the colony, in office 1620-1621
• Samuel de Champlain (1570?-1635), French explorer, administrator of New France, and founder of Quebec City
• Jan Karol Chodkiewicz of Poland (1560-1621), Military commander
• Sir Edward Coke of England (1552-1634), Jurist and Member of Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell of England (1599-1658), statesman, general, and future ruler of England-Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
• Cyril I (1572-1638), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, held position in 1612, 1620-1623, 1623-1633, 1633-1634, 1634-1635, 1637-1638
• Mir Damad of Persia (?-1631), philosopher
• John Davies of Wales (1567-1644), scholar, translator, and Anglican priest
• John Donne of England (1571?-1631), Anglican priest, poet, and philosopher
• Cornelius Drebbel of Holland (1572-1633), inventer
• Mar Eliyya IX, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriachate then based in Alqosh, in modern day Iraq), held position in 1617-1660
• Muhammad ibn Farukh, governor of Jerusalem (then part of the Ottoman Empire)
• John Felton (1595-1628), English soldier and assassin of George Villiers
• Galileo Galilei of Tuscany (1564-1642), astronomer and physicist
• Kryštof Harant of Bohemia (1564-1621), nobleman, traveller, humanist, soldier, writer and composer.
• William Harvey of England (1578-1657), physician who discovered the systematic circulation of blood
• Thomas Hobbes of England (1588-1679), philosopher
• Isaiah Horowitz (1565-1630), Rabbi and Jewish mystic
• Inigo Jones of England (1573-1652), architect
• Ben Jonson of England (1572-1637), playwright, poet, and Poet Laureate, held post in 1619-1637
• Manuel Jordão, Duke of Nsundi (a region in the Kingdom of Kongo)
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), German mathematician and astronomer
• Christopher Levett of England (1586-1630), explorer and naval captain
• Mao Wenlong of China (1579-1629), military commander
• Massasoit (1580?-1661), Chief of the Wampanoag
• Peter Minuit of Holland (1589-1638), Director-General of New Netherland, in office 1626-1632
• Opchanacanough (1554?-1644), Cheif of the Powhatan Confederacy, held position 1618-1644
• Pedro Páez of Portugal (1564-1622), Jesuit missionary who converted Malak Sagad III
• Michael Praetorius (1571-1621), German composer and Organist
• Mulla Sadra of Persia (1571-1636), philosopher and Shitte Islamic theologian
• Samoset (1590?-1655), Mohegan Sagamore and first Native American to encounter with the Settlers of the Plymouth Colony.
• John Smith (1580?-1631), English soldier, adventurer, and leader of the colonists of Jamestown in the Virginia Colony.
• Willebrord Snellius (1580-1626), Dutch astronomer and mathematician
• Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of the Angola Colony, in office 1621-1623
• Ambrogio Spinola of Genoa (1569-1630), general in the service of Spain
• Squanto (1585?-1622), assist to and interpreter for Pilgrims who helped stamp out the treaty between them and the Wampanoag.
• Sir John Trevor Jr. of Wales (1596-1673), Member of Parliament and future member of the Council of State during the Commonwealth of England
• Sir Richard Trevor of Wales (1558-1638), landowner, soldier and politician.
• Sir Sackville Trevor of Wales (1565-1633), Sea Captain and Member of Parliament
• Johann Tserclaes (1559-1632), German nobleman and co-Supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire
• James Ussher of Ireland (1581-1656), Anglican theologian, Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland
• George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628), English nobleman, statesman, and military commander
• Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia (1583-1634), co-Supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire
• Wei Zhongxian of China (1568-1627), Eunuch
• Yamada Nagamasa of Japan (1590-1630), adventurer, pirate, and military commander
• George Yeardley (1587-1627), Plantation owner and Governor of the Virginia Colony, held office in 1616-1617, 1619-1621, 1626-1627
• Yi Gwal of Korea (1587-1624), general
• Yuan Chonghuan of China (1584-1630), military commander
• Stanisław Żółkiewski (1547-1620), Polish nobleman and military commander

[edit] Contemporaries Yet to Gain Fame

• Anne Bradstreet (1612?-1672)
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France (1619-1683)
• Renes Descartes of France (1596-1650)
• Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
• William Laud (1573-1645)
• John Milton of England (1608-1674)
• Blaise Pascal of France (1623-1662)
• Thomas Rolfe of Virginia (1615-1675)
• Sir John Trevor III of Wales (1626-1672)
• Roger Williams (1603-1683)

[edit] References