Blood flow

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Blood flow is the flow of blood in the cardiovascular system.

It can be calculated by dividing the vascular resistance into the pressure gradient.^[1]

Contents 1 Physics 2 Equations 3 Disturbed blood flow 4 References

[edit] Physics

Mathematically, blood flow is described by Darcy's law (which can be viewed as the fluid equivalent of Ohm's law) and approximately by Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

Blood is a heterogeneous medium consisting mainly of plasma and a suspension of red blood cells. Red cells tend to coagulate when the flow shear rates are low, while increasing shear rates break these formations apart, thus reducing blood viscosity. This results in two non-Newtonian blood properties, shear thinning and yield stress. In healthy large arteries blood can be successfully approximated as a homogeneous, Newtonian fluid since the vessel size is much greater than the size of particles and shear rates are sufficiently high that particle interactions may have a negligible effect on the flow. In smaller vessels, however, non-Newtonian blood behavior should be taken into account.

The flow in healthy vessels is generally laminar, however in diseased (e.g. atherosclerotic) arteries the flow may be transitional or turbulent.

[edit] Equations

The first equation below is Darcy's law, the second is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation:

where:

F = blood flow P = pressure R = resistance ν = fluid viscosity

L = length of tube r = radius of tube

In the last equation it is important to note that resistance to flow changes dramatically with respect to the radius of the tube. This is important in angioplasty, as it enables the increase of blood flow with balloon catheter to the deprived organ significantly with only a small increase in radius of a vessel.

[edit] Disturbed blood flow

Disturbed blood flow may cause ischemia and even infarction of the dependent tissue supplied by the struck vessels.

Causes include:

• Thrombosis
• Atherosclerosis
• Prolonged bedrest or immobilization
• Myocardial infarction
• Atrial fibrillation
• Prosthetic cardiac valves

Disturbed blood flow is a factor in Virchow's triad for thrombosis. ^[2]

The heart has four chambers that pump blood. The chambers are called the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a muscular wall called the septum. This prevents blood without oxygen from mixing with blood that has oxygen. The heart also has valves that separate the chambers and connect to major blood vessels.

[edit] References

v • d • e Cardiovascular system, physiology: cardiovascular physiology Heart Volumes Stroke volume = End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume Afterload · Preload Frank-Starling law of the heart · Cardiac function curve · Venous return curve Aortic valve area calculation · Ejection fraction · Cardiac index Interaction diagrams Cardiac cycle · Wiggers diagram · Pressure volume diagram Tropism Chronotropic (Heart rate) · Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) · Inotropic (Contractility) · Batmotropic (Excitability) · Lusitropic (Relaxation) Conduction system / Cardiac electrophysiology Cardiac action potential (Atrial action potential, Ventricular action potential) · Effective refractory period · Pacemaker potential · QT interval Other Ventricular remodeling Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance · Vascular resistance (Total peripheral resistance) · Pulse · Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure (Systolic - Diastolic) · Mean arterial pressure Central venous pressure/right atrial pressure → Right ventricular pressure → Pulmonary artery pressure → Pulmonary wedge pressure/left atrial pressure → Left ventricular pressure → Aortic pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex · Kinin-kallikrein system · Renin-angiotensin system · Vasoconstrictors/Vasodilators · Autoregulation (Myogenic mechanism, Tubuloglomerular feedback)