Diagonal

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A diagonal can refer to a line joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, or in informal contexts any upward or downward sloping line. The word "diagonal" derives from the Greek διαγώνιος (diagonios)^[1], from dia- ("through", "across") and gonia ("angle", related to gony "knee"); it was used by both Strabo^[2] and Euclid^[3] to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid,^[4], and later adopted into Latin as diagonus ("slanting line").

In mathematics, in addition to its geometric meaning, a diagonal is also used in matrices to refer to a set of entries along a diagonal line.

Contents 1 Non-mathematical uses 2 Polygons 3 Matrices 4 Geometry 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Non-mathematical uses

In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations diagonal braces are often not connected to the corners of the rectangle.

Diagonal pliers are wire-cutting pliers defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name.

A diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together applied so that the lashings cross over the poles at an angle.

In association football, the diagonal system of control is the method referees and assistant referees use to position themselves in one of the four quadrants of the pitch.

[edit] Polygons

As applied to a polygon, a diagonal is a line segment joining any two non-consecutive vertices. Therefore, a quadrilateral has two diagonals, joining opposite pairs of vertices. For any convex polygon, all the diagonals are inside the polygon, but for re-entrant polygons, some diagonals are outside of the polygon.

Any n-sided polygon (n ≥ 3), convex or concave, has

diagonals, as each vertex has diagonals to all other vertices except itself and the two adjacent vertices, or n − 3 diagonals.

Sides Diagonals 3 0 4 2 5 5 6 9 7 14 8 20 9 27 10 35

Sides Diagonals 11 44 12 54 13 65 14 77 15 90 16 104 17 119 18 135

Sides Diagonals 19 152 20 170 21 189 22 209 23 230 24 252 25 275 26 299

Sides Diagonals 27 324 28 350 29 377 30 405 31 434 32 464 33 495 34 527

Sides Diagonals 35 560 36 594 37 629 38 665 39 702 40 740 41 779 42 819

This is related to the Handshake Problem: In a room with n strangers, how many handshakes must take place so that everyone has met? The answer is found by adding the diagonals of an n-gon with the number of sides, n. Geometrically, the n strangers are the vertices of an n-gon, and the lines connecting the vertices (whether diagonals or sides) represent handshakes. Therefore, the total number of handshakes is given by:

[edit] Matrices

In the case of a square matrix, the main or principal diagonal is the diagonal line of entries running from the top-left to bottom-right corners. For a matrix A with row index specified by i and column index specified by j, these would be elements A_ij with i = j. For example, the identity matrix can be defined as having entries of 1 on the main diagonal, and zeroes elsewhere:

The top-right to bottom-left diagonal is sometimes described as the minor diagonal or antidiagonal. A superdiagonal entry is one that is directly above and to the right of the main diagonal. In like manner to the above, superdiagonal elements can be specified by A_ij with j = i + 1. If otherwise unqualified, it refers to the one adjacent to the main diagonal. For example, the non-zero elements of the following matrix all lie in the superdiagonal:

Likewise, a subdiagonal entry is one that is directly below and to the left of the main diagonal. These can be specified as those elements A_ij with j = i − 1. The off-diagonal entries are those not on the main diagonal. A diagonal matrix is one whose off-diagonal entries are all zero. General matrix diagonals can be specified by an index k measured relative to the main diagonal, the origin of the diagonal as it were, where k = 0, for which the superdiagonal has k = 1, subdiagonal, k = − 1, and where in general those k-diagonal elements A_ij require that j = i + k.

[edit] Geometry

By analogy, the subset of the Cartesian product X×X of any set X with itself, consisting of all pairs (x,x), is called the diagonal, and is the graph of the identity relation. This plays an important part in geometry; for example, the fixed points of a mapping F from X to itself may be obtained by intersecting the graph of F with the diagonal.

In geometric studies, the idea of intersecting the diagonal with itself is common, not directly, but by perturbing it within an equivalence class. This is related at a deep level with the Euler characteristic and the zeros of vector fields. For example, the circle S¹ has Betti numbers 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, and therefore Euler characteristic 0. A geometric way of expressing this is to look at the diagonal on the two-torus S¹xS¹ and observe that it can move off itself by the small motion (θ, θ) to (θ, θ + ε). In general, the intersection number of the graph of a function with the diagonal may be computed using homology via the Lefschetz fixed point theorem; the self-intersection of the diagonal is the special case of the identity function.

[edit] See also

• Jordan normal form
• Main diagonal
• Diagonal functor
• Face diagonal
• Space diagonal

[edit] References

1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
2. ^ Strabo, Geography 2.1.36-37
3. ^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 28
4. ^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 38

[edit] External links

Look up diagonal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Diagonals of a polygon with interactive animation
• Polygon diagonal from MathWorld.
• Diagonal of a matrix from MathWorld.