Inner city
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis. In the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Ireland, the term is often applied to the poorer parts of the city centre and is sometimes used as a euphemism with the connotation of being an area, perhaps a ghetto or slum, where residents are less educated and more impoverished and where there is more crime. Sociologists in these countries sometimes turn this euphemism into a formal designation, applying the term "inner city" to such residential areas rather than to geographically more central commercial districts. However in major cities in Canada (Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal) the most affluent residents reside in established inner city neighbourhoods and less affluent residents reside in suburban areas.
Such connotations are less common in other countries, where deprived areas may be located in outlying parts of cities. For instance, in Paris, Rome, Baku, Vienna, Melbourne, Moscow, Sydney or Amsterdam, the inner city is the most prosperous part of the metropolis, where housing is the most expensive, and where elites and high-income individuals dwell. Poverty and crime are more associated with the distant suburbs. The French word for "suburb" (banlieue) often has a negative connotation similar to that of the English term "inner city", especially when used in the plural.
The peculiar American sociological usage is rooted in the middle 20th century. When automobiles became affordable in the United States and forced busing ensued, many middle and high-income residents, who were mostly white, moved to suburbs to have larger lots and houses, and less crime and diversity. The loss of population and affluent taxpayers caused many inner city communities to fall into urban decay. Late in the century, many such areas underwent gentrification, especially in the Northeast and West coast, depriving them of the "inner city" label despite their unchanged location.
Regardless of their degree of prosperity, city areas that are literally more central tend to have higher population densities than outer suburbs, with more of the population living inside multi-floored townhouses and apartment buildings.
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[edit] Old and new
A rival contemporary North American movement is that of New Urbanism, which calls for a return to traditional city planning methods in where mixed-use zoning allows people to walk from one type of land-use to another, as was done before the invention of mass transit and zoning. The movement seeks to have housing, shopping, office space, and leisure facilities located within walking distance of each other, thus reducing the demand for roadways and also improving the efficiency and effectiveness of mass transit.
The thriving of "old urbanism" in inner cities, in which prosperous individuals and families move into formerly poor neighborhoods, is known as gentrification.
[edit] Further reading
Harrison, P. (1985) Inside the Inner City: Life Under the Cutting Edge. Penguin: Harmondsworth. This book takes Hackney, London as a case study of inner city urban deprivation.
[edit] See also
- Bid rent theory
- Skid Row
- Central business district
- Concentric ring model
- Downtown
- Ghetto
- Industrial deconcentration
- Suburban colonization
- Urban structure
- Urban sprawl
- White flight and black flight
[edit] External links
- Inner City Press - uses the South Bronx as its example and laboratory of New Urbanism.
