Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Jayaatu Khagan Tugh Temür | |
| Khagan of the Mongol Empire Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Portrait of Jayaatu Khagan Tugh Temur (Wengzong) during the Great Yuan. | |
| Reign | 1328 - 1329 1329 - 1332 |
| Coronation | 1329 |
| Titles | Mongolian title: Jayaatu Khan (Fortunate Emperor; Заяат хаан) Era name:Tianli (天曆) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順) 1330-1332 Temple name:Wenzong (文宗) Posthumous name:Shengming Yuan Xiao Huangdi (聖明元孝皇帝) |
| Born | 1304 |
| Died | 1332 |
| Predecessor | Kusala |
| Aratnadara[1] | |
| Successor | Rinchinbal |
| Consort | Budashiri |
| Royal House | Borjigin Mongolian: Боржигин |
| Royal anthem | There is only god in heaven and only one lord Chingis khaan on earth. |
| Father | Kulug Khan |
Jayaatu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Jayaɤatu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Заяат хаан Zayaat haan, 1304–1332), also known as Emperor Wenzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元文宗), born Tugh Temür, was the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
Contents |
[edit] Early career
He was the second son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and a Tangut woman, and a younger brother of Kuśala. When his father Khayishan suddenly died and his younger brother Ayurbarwada inherited leadership in 1311, he and his brother was removed from the central government by his grandmother Dagi and other Khunggirad faction members including Temüder since they were not mothered by Khunggirad khatuns. After Ayurbarwada's son Shidibala ascended the throne in 1320, Tugh Temür was relegated to Hainan. When Shidibala was assassinated and Yesün Temür took over as the new ruler, his condition was relaxed. He was given the title of Prince of Huai (Chinese: 懷王) and was moved to Jiankang (modern-day Nanjing) and then to Jiangling. At this time he already showed a wide range of scholarly and artistic interests and had surrounded himself with many distinguished Chinese literati and artists.
[edit] Struggle for Succession
When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Dadu by the Qipchaq commander El Temür since his more influential brother Kuśala stayed in far-away Central Asia. He was installed as the new ruler in Dadu in September while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support from Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in southern Mongolia and Northern China, Dadu-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war.
At the same time, however, his elder brother Kuśala gathered support from princes and generals in Mongolia and Chagatai Khanate and entered Karakorum with the overwhelming military presence. Realizing disadvantages, Tugh Temür declared abdication. In the next year, El Temür brought the imperial seal to Kuśala in Mongolia and announced Dadu's intent to welcome him. Kuśala ascended to the throne in the north of Karakorum and Tugh Temür became Crown Prince. On his way to Dadu, Kuśala met with Tugh Temür in Ongghuchad near Shangdu in the eight month. Only 4 days after a banquet with Tugh Temür, he suddenly died, or was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür since he feared being lost power to princes and officers of Chaghadai Ulus and Mongolia, who followed Kuśala. Tugh Temür was restored to the throne. El Temür purged pro-Kuśala officers and brought power to warlords.
In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of Mongol Empire, Tugh Temur sent Genghisid princes with notable old Mongol generals’ descendants to the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhan Abu Said and Ozbeg of the Golden Horde. Tugh Temur also gave lavish presents and imperial seal to Eljigidey, the ally of Kusala, to mollify his anger. Since the reign of Tugh Temur, the Qipchaqs and the Alans became even more powerful at the court of the Yuan.
[edit] Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Tugh Temür had a good knowledge of the Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet, calligrapher, and painter. With his actual power greatly circumscribed by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution. Posing as a cultivated Chinese sovereign, Tugh Temür adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. In 1330, he awarded laudatory titles to several past Confucian sages and masters, and himself performed the suburban offerings (Chinese: 孝祖) to Heaven, and thus became the first Yuan emperor to perform in person this important traditional Chinese state observance. To promote Confucian morality, the court each year honored many men and women who were known for their filial piety and chastity.
To prevent the Chinese from following Mongolian and hence un-Confucian customs, the government decreed in 1330 that men who took their widowed stepmothers or sister-in-law as wives, in violation of their own community's customs, would be punished. In the mean time, to encourage the Mongols and the Muslims to follow the Chinese customs, the officials of these two ethnic groups were allowed in 1329 to observe the Chinese custom of three years of mourning for deceased parents. He supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism. He supervised the construction of the Stupa of Master Zhaozhou in the Buddhist Bailin Temple.
His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was his founding of the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329, and was designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". These tasks included the elucidation of the Confucian classics and Chinese history to the emperor; the education of the scions of high-ranking notables and the younger members of the kesig; the collection, collation, and compilation of books; and the appraisal and classifications of the paintings and calligraphic works in the imperial collection. Of the 113 officials successively serving in the academy, there were many distinguished Chinese literati, and the best Mongolian and Muslim scholars of Chinese learning of the time. Concentrating so many talents in one governmental organ to perform various literary, artistic, and educational activities was unprecedented not only in the Yuan Dynasty but also in Chinese history.
The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books. But its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: 經世大典, "Grand canon for governing the world"). The purpose of bringing together and systematizing all important Yuan official documents and laws in this work according to the pattern of Huiyao (Chinese: 會要, "Comprehensive essentials of institutions") of the Tang and Song dynasties was apparently to demonstrate that Yuan rule was as perfect as that of earlier Chinese dynasties. Started in May 1330, this ambitious project was completed in thirteen months. It later provided the basis for the various treatises of the Yuanshi (History of Yuan), which was compiled at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.
[edit] Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
The western Mongol khanates under Abu Said, Eljigidey, Tarmashirin and Ozbeg sent total 14 tribute missions to the Yuan court during his reign.[2] Chagatai prince Changshi, who would become a khan later, sent 170 Russian captives to Tugh Temür as a gift. Tugh Temür rewarded him with precious stones. There was a settlement of Russians near Imperial palace. Tugh Temür formed a regiment composed of them as Ever faithful Russian (Ulosz or Urosh) life guard in 1330. The Emperor was also given more Russian captives by Mongol princes in Moghulistan and Ozbeg Khan. Pope John XXII was presented a memorandum from the eastern church describing the Pax Mongolica of the Mongol Empire that "...Khagan is one of the greatest monarchs and all lords of the state, e.g. the king of Almaligh (Chagatai Khanate), emperor Abu Said and Uzbek Khan, are his subjects, saluting his holiness to pay their respects. These 3 monarchs send their overlord leopards, camels, falcons as well as precious jewelries every year. ... They acknowledge him as their absolute supreme lord.".[3]
[edit] Later life
Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the empire, the actual impact of the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature on the government as a whole was limited. El Temür eventally seized control of the academy in early 1332, just six months before the death of Tugh Temür. The academy had come to an end after Tugh Temür's death. Although he had a son named El Tegüs, he left a will to make Kuśala's son succeed to the throne. So Kuśala's second son Rinchinbal was installed by El Temür only at the age of six.
[edit] References
- ^ Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368, p.557
- ^ The Chaghadaids and Islam: the conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34), The Journal of the American Oriental Society 2002 - Biran, Michal, Yuan shi, Vladimir Vernadsky - Mongols and Rus, Cambridge history of China, p. 550
- ^ G.V.Vernadsky - The Mongols and Russia, p.93
- The Cambridge History of China By Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank ISBN 0521243319, Cambridge University Press, 1994
- Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources By E. Bretschneider, Routledge ISBN 0415244862, Routledge, 2001
- "The Chaghadaids and Islam: the conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34)". The Journal of the American Oriental Society, October 1, 2002. Biran
|
Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan
House of Borjigin (Боржигин) (1206-1634)
Died: 1332 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ragibagh Khan, Emperor Tianshun |
Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (1st Time) 1328-1329 |
Succeeded by Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong |
| Preceded by Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong |
Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (2nd Time) 1329-1332 |
Succeeded by Rinchinbal Khan, Emperor Ningzong |
| Preceded by Ragibagh |
Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1328 |
Succeeded by Kusala |
| Preceded by Ragibagh |
Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1329-1332 |
Succeeded by Rinchinbal Khan |
| Khagans of the Mongol Empire (1206-1370) |
|---|
| Genghis Khan (1206–1227) · Tolui Khan (regent) (1227–1229) · Ögedei Khan (1229–1241) · Töregene Khatun (regent) (1241–1245) · Güyük Khan (1246–1248) · Oghul Qaimish (regent) (1248-1251) · Möngke Khan (1251–1259) · Kublai Khan (1260–1294) |
| The Kublaid Great Khans |
| Oljei Temur Khagan (1294-1307) · Khayisan Khulug (1308-1311) · Buyantu Ayurbarwada (1311-1320) · Gegeen Khagan Shidebala(1321-1323) · Yesün Temür Khagan (1323-1328) · Ragibagh Khan (1328) · Jayaatu Khagan Tugh-Temur (1328;1329-1332) · Khutughtu Khagan Quselan (1329) · Rinchinbal (1332) · Ukhaantu Khan Toghan-Temur (1333-1370) |
 |
|
|||||
