Latino

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The demonyms Latino and Latina (feminine), are defined in English language dictionaries as:

• "a person of Latin-American or of non-European Spanish-speaking descent."^[1]
• "A Latin American."^[2]
• "A person of Hispanic, especially Latin-American, descent"^[2]
• "a native or inhabitant of Latin America"^[3]
• "a person of Latin-American origin living in the United States"^[3]
• "someone who lives in the US and who comes from or whose family comes from Latin America"^[4]

The two words originate in American Spanish latino and latina (from Latin Latinus, Latina), either meaning "Latin", or possibly a clipped form of latinoamericano, "Latin American".^[1][2][3]

In the United States, the term is in official use in the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino, defined as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."^[5][6]

Contents 1 Use in the United States 2 Similar and related terms 3 Criticism 4 Definitions in other languages 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links

[edit] Use in the United States

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The term "Latino" was officially adopted in 1997 by the United States Government in the ethnonym "Hispanic or Latino", which replaced the single term "Hispanic": "Because regional usage of the terms differs -- Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion."^[7]

U.S. official use of the term "Hispanic" has its origins in the 1970 census. The Census Bureau attempted to identify all Hispanics by use of the following criteria in sampled sets:^[8]

• Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where Spanish was spoken
• Persons with Spanish heritage by birth location
• Persons who self-identify with Spanish ancestry or descent

Neither "Hispanic" nor "Latino" refers to a race, as a person of Latino or Hispanic ethnicity can be of any race.^[6][9] Like non-Latinos, a Latino can be of any single race: White/Caucasian, Black/African American, Asian, Native American, or Pacific Islander. Again like non-Latinos, some may identify with more than one race, such as Mestizo (a bi-racial person of White/Caucasian and Native American descent), Mulatto (a person of White/Caucasian and Black/African American descent), Zambo (a person of Native American and Black/African American descent) or any other race or combination.

Although as officially defined in the United States, "Latino" does not include Brazilian Americans,^[5][6] and specifically refers to "Spanish culture or origin",^[5][6] some of the dictionary definitions may include them and/or Brazilian people in general. Furthermore, Hispanic or Latino origin is, like race, a matter of self-identification in the US, and government and non-government questionnaires, including the census form,^[10] usually contain a blank entry space wherein respondents can indicate a Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin other than the few (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban) which are specified; presumably, Brazilian Americans (and others) can thus self–identify as being of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. However, Brazilian Americans are not included with Hispanics and Latinos in the government's population reports.^[6][11]

Some authorities of American English maintain a distinction between the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino":

"Though often used interchangeably in American English, Hispanic and Latino are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. Hispanic, from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. Latino—which in Spanish means "Latin" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word latinoamericano—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only Hispanic can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a Hispanic, not a Latino, and one cannot substitute Latino in the phrase the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word."^[12]

Listed below are the 28 categories tabulated in the 2000 United States Census: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican Republic; Central American: Costa Rican, Guatemalan, Honduran, Nicaraguan, Panamanian, Salvadoran, Other Central American; South American: Argentinian, Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Uruguayan, Venezuelan, Other South American; Other Hispanic or Latino: Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American, All other Hispanic or Latino.^[13]

[edit] Similar and related terms

The countries of Latin Europe and Latin America

Sometimes "Latino" is used interchangeably with "Latin", as Latino is also defined as a "Latin inhabitant of the United States";^[14] and sometimes it is used interchangeably with "Latin American".^[15] As a demonym, though, "Latin" can have other meanings:^[16][17]

• "a native or inhabitant of Latium; an ancient Roman."
• "a member of any of the Latin peoples, or those speaking chiefly Romance languages, esp. a native of or émigré from Latin America."
• "a member of the Latin Church; a Roman Catholic, as distinguished from a member of the Greek Church."
• "A Latino or Latina."

"Latin American" may also not mean the same as "Latino," depending on which definition of the latter is used. A Spaniard, for example, though a "Latino" by some definitions, is not a Latin American. The term "Latin American", in turn, though normally applied to inhabitants of Latin America, is nevertheless preferred by some individuals and organizations in the United States.^[18][19][20] "Latin American" is defined as:

• "A native or inhabitant of Latin America."^[21]
• "A person of Latin-American descent."^[21]

[edit] Criticism

The term Latina/o despite its increasing popularity is still highly debated among those who are called by such a name.^[22][23] It seeks refer to a group of people from various countries. Latin America is made up of around 20 nations that have different history, traditions, constitutions, and backgrounds. The term Latina/o has a connotation towards a single European origin group that is Latino from the Latin language, which does not represent all people from Latin America. There are many so called Latina/o people who are, for example, of Jewish ancestry, but still of incredible popularity in the "Latino" community, such is the case of one of the most famous TV entertainer called Don Francisco. He was born in Chile, but he has Jewish German parents. Also the term Latina/o tends to imply to a monolithic group which is not correct. People from Latin America represent all religious groups and not just Catholics or Christian, as well as all racial groups and mixtures; this includes, unexpectedly to many anglo americans, even Japanese people like one of the former presidents of Peru. Another aspect of diversity within this group is their heterogeneous immigration history. While some Latina/o people have a legal and documented immigration history, such as Salvadorans thanks to US government programmes, and Puerto Ricans, who are US citizens which allows them to come to mainland US as legal immigrants; others such as many Mexicans and Central Americans, because it is not the case for all of them, are workers who do not have working documents. Also, the term Latina/o expresses a confusion about those, who despite having Latina/o names, do not identify with the culture from their original home countries, are multigenerational descendants from immigrants from Latin America, do not speak or understand Spanish, and have never been to Latin America; in fact, some so called Latina/o were present in the US before the US came to be the country as we know it today. This heterogeneity in the Latina/o community makes still this name highly debated and inaccurate to identify such a diverse group.

Since the adoption of the term Latino by the US Census Bureau in 2000^[24] and its subsequent widespread there have been several controversies and disagreements, specially in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries. Regarding it as an arbitrary generic term, many Latin American scholars, journalists and indigenous rights organisations have objected against the mass media use of the word "Latino", pointing out that such ethnonyms are optional and should be used only to describe people involved in the practices, ideologies and identity politics of their supporters.^{[25][26][27][28]} Journalist Rodolfo Acuña writes:

"When and why the Latino identity came about is a more involved story. Essentially, politicians, the media, and marketers find it convenient to deal with the different U.S. Spanish-speaking people under one umbrella. However, many people with Spanish surnames contest the term Latino. They claim it is misleading because no Latino or Hispanic nationality exists since no Latino state exists, so generalizing the term Latino slights the various national identities included under the umbrella.^[29]

Popular personalities like Andy Garcia have also expressed concern. He has stated that, in spite of his love of his native Cuba, he deslikes to be labelled as a 'Latino actor' preferring instead to be addressed as an actor without a tag attached to him.^[30]

[edit] Definitions in other languages

The term latino (feminine latina) in the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, literally translates as "Latin". (The cognate French term is latin, not latino.) Portuguese dictionaries define the demonym latino to refer to natives of Romance-speaking nations influenced by Roman civilization, and to the natives or inhabitants of ancient Latium (modern Lazio).^[31][32] Italian dictionaries define the demonym latino as: the ancient Latins and Romans, and their language, Latin, as well as the neo-Latin nations.^[33][34] The dictionary of the Real Academia Española defines ten meanings for latino, including the ancient peoples of Latium and the modern Romance-speaking European and American nations.^[35] In these languages, latino, just like any other demonym, is by convention not capitalized.

[edit] See also

• Latin American Australian
• Latin American Canadian
• Latino Studies
• Hispanic/Latino naming dispute
• Latin Union
• Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
• Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, 4 vls, Oxford University Press 2006, ISBN 0195156005

[edit] External links

• HispanicTips: Hispanic & Latino News
• Dia De La Mujer Latina Hispanic or Latino?
• Latin America Network Information Center
• Latin Union
• Latino Cultural Heritage Digital Archives
• Latino Issues Forum Nonprofit Public Policy and Advocacy Institute
• Latinomigrante.com Latino Community Portal in US, Canada
• PBS 'A Cultural Identity' Examines the creation of the Hispanic label by Richard Nixon.
• What's in a name?
• Los Angeles Times - Look beyond the 'Latino' label
• The Term 'Latino' Describes No One
• Latino or Hispanic Panic: Which Term Should We Use?
• Latino & Hispanic? It’s Time to Rethink these Terms!
• Andy Garcia - I'm not a 'Latino' actor
• Yale University - Understanding Ethnic Labels and Puerto Rican Identity